In psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.
Trait Theory:
cardinal Trait : the trait that dominate a person for life long. eg. Christ-like, Don Juan.
Central Traits : General characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. And the central traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. ( eg. honest, intelligent. shy)
Secondary Traits: the traits that reveal on attitudes or preference sometimes, and often appear only in certain situations or some specific circumstances.
Monday, January 30, 2012
Friday, January 20, 2012
when do we need help from placebo ...
A placebo is a simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other condition intended to deceive the recipients. sometimes patients given a placebo treatment will have a perceived or actual improvement in a medical condition, a phenomenon commonly called the placebo effect.
in the medical research, placebos are given as control treatments and depend on the use of measured deception. Placebos are mostly using to replace painkiller or depression treatment.
i believe using placebos are totally ethical. on the way it is good for the patients, if the placebos are working well on them, they will avoid any side affect from the real pain pills.
it is important to note that " deception is not a necessary part of the placebo effect, doctor can tell people that the treatment might benefit them and that is not a lie" doctors are doing that to benefit this society.
in the medical research, placebos are given as control treatments and depend on the use of measured deception. Placebos are mostly using to replace painkiller or depression treatment.
i believe using placebos are totally ethical. on the way it is good for the patients, if the placebos are working well on them, they will avoid any side affect from the real pain pills.
it is important to note that " deception is not a necessary part of the placebo effect, doctor can tell people that the treatment might benefit them and that is not a lie" doctors are doing that to benefit this society.
Thursday, January 19, 2012
The Placebo Effect
A placebo has been defined as " a substance or procedure that is objectively without specific activity for t he condition being treated"
when patient feels improvement in health without an actual treatment, that calls Placebo Effect.
and we wonder what is actually making us feel better without any treatment but pieces of sugar pills?
the answer is our beliefs. From article- Just A Sugar Pill, we got know that every mental process is represented in the brain. A placebo can not makes you feel better unless your brain tell you so. Therefore, while you think you are taking the right medicine, your brain already make the decision that you must feel better after the medicine, even though none of you nor your brain know it is just a sugar pill, and that is how placebo effect works. Anyway, there are two positive placebo effect calls : 1. Inert Placebo 2. Active Placebo . For Inert Placebos are those really devoid of action, be it pharmacological, surgical... For Active Placebos are those that actually have actions, although these actions are not relevantly specific to the disease for which they are administrated. however, there are also some issues about placebo. for example, there is a negative effect called Nocebo Effect, when patients report that they are getting worse or that unpleasant sude-effects has occurred, Nocebe is a word derived from the Latin nocere, meaning inflicting damage. it often happens when the patients don't believe the medicine works well on them.
nevertheless, scientists have made many experiments, afterward they found out all they are about Subject- expectancy Effect. that occurs in experiments or medical treatment, when a research subject or patientexpects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result. Because this effect can significantly bias the results of experiments (especially on human subjects).
when patient feels improvement in health without an actual treatment, that calls Placebo Effect.
and we wonder what is actually making us feel better without any treatment but pieces of sugar pills?
the answer is our beliefs. From article- Just A Sugar Pill, we got know that every mental process is represented in the brain. A placebo can not makes you feel better unless your brain tell you so. Therefore, while you think you are taking the right medicine, your brain already make the decision that you must feel better after the medicine, even though none of you nor your brain know it is just a sugar pill, and that is how placebo effect works. Anyway, there are two positive placebo effect calls : 1. Inert Placebo 2. Active Placebo . For Inert Placebos are those really devoid of action, be it pharmacological, surgical... For Active Placebos are those that actually have actions, although these actions are not relevantly specific to the disease for which they are administrated. however, there are also some issues about placebo. for example, there is a negative effect called Nocebo Effect, when patients report that they are getting worse or that unpleasant sude-effects has occurred, Nocebe is a word derived from the Latin nocere, meaning inflicting damage. it often happens when the patients don't believe the medicine works well on them.
nevertheless, scientists have made many experiments, afterward they found out all they are about Subject- expectancy Effect. that occurs in experiments or medical treatment, when a research subject or patientexpects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result. Because this effect can significantly bias the results of experiments (especially on human subjects).
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