the importance of ethic in psychology research

        

           The ethical potential issues is not been taking serious until relatively recent time psychology research did not have ethical and many studies were conducted that had significant problem in past 100 years. After that, there are  different organizations that prevent such unethical   problem happen, such as British psychology council and American psychology association .

there are many unethical experiments  happened in past 100 years and here is 2 examples,

Landi's Facial experiment

        

         In 1924, Carney Landis designed an experiment to study weather emotions evoke universal facial expression facial, for example if people shows a specific expressions used by all to convey shock or disgust?

this intention seems like a normal question,however, Land's methods of testing were extremely abnormal. 

research methodology

   In the research methodology, there are 3 main types of experiments, which are laboratory, field, and natural ( Quasi).

1.      Laboratory is the most common type experiment in psychology. Laboratory is a test that is in a under controlled condition so it can ensure the validity of the study. The participants need to sign the consents before they start doing the experiment.As the most common using method, it has some great strength.The 2 major strengths in lboratory are that it is usually the have the highest levels of reliablity due to the method, and it allows valid cause- effect conclusion in terms of the variables measured because of the certainty gained by control over extraneous variable. it however,has some limitation as well. Due to the artificiality, the experiment is not in a real life environment, which can cause distress to participants, which can narrow down the range of behaviors the participants give. it is also difficult to avoid the demand characteristics, which people can figure out what is the experiment is about, and give the answer the research wants instead of speak out the truth. the other concerns are base on the unrepresentative sampling, that might not apply to the whole society, and the ethical consideration.

        2. A field experiment is an experiment that is conducted in a more realistic situation. In field experiments the participants are not usually aware that they are participating in an experiment.
Field experiments are usually high validity in environment and may avoid the demand characteristics as the participants are unaware of the experiment. In field experiment, however, shows a difficulty to control confounding variable, and they takes time consuming and hard to conduct. In field experiments, the participants are not usually informed to a consent and it brings trouble on debriefing participant .

        3. A Quasi experiment is where the independent variable is occur by the researcher but happens naturally. Unlike the true experiment participants are through random assignment, the quasi experiment the researcher take the pre-existing conditions like ages, sex. The strength of quasi experiments is that participants are often unaware the participating.
        Due to its ethical and practical experiment, Quasi experiments are very common in psychology.


 

Aaron Beck

Aaron Temkin Beck(born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus at the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. Beck is known as the pioneer of cognitive therapy and he creates the cognitive triad theory. The theory is a triad of types of negative thought present in depression, which was proposed by him in 1976. The triad involves negative thought about: 1. The Self ( i.e: self is worthless) 2. The world/ environment (i.e, World is unfair) 3.The future (i.e. the future is hopeless). This triad forms part of his Cognitive Theory of Depression.

On Beck’s Cognitive theory of depression, his main argument was that depression was instituted by one’s view of oneself, instead of one having negative views on oneself due to the depression. Which means that one’s thought and belief( schema) affect one’s behavior Moreover, there were several experiments have been done that showed people are more likely to be depressed after a negative event. (ex: Abela & D’Alessandro’s(2002); Sato& McCann’s(2000)…)

A main part of Beck’s Theory is not only that the subject will feel negative underlying beliefs, but also that these beliefs fall into a certain field which separates them from other disorders such as panic and anxiety disorders. For example, these include polar reasoning, selective abstraction and over-generalization. Abstraction means that successes are ignored, and lost to the subject, who is left only with sadness. Over-generalization implies one will do poor at one thing, and assume failure in all related things. Therefore, the main feeling of depression according to beck are failure and loss.  

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is developed by Dr.Aaron T.Beck, it also called as Cognitive Therapy (CT). It is a form of Psychotherapy in which the therapist and the patient working together as a team to identify and solve problems.  Therapists use the Cognitive Model to help paitens overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. Therapists use the Cognitive Model to help paitens overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. Compare to the other forms of psychotherapy, CBT is usually more focused on the present, more time limited, and more problem-solving oriented. In addition, patients learn specific skills that they can use for the rest of their lives. These skills involve identifying distorted thinking, modifying beliefs, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.

treatment.

Treatment for the Major Depression Disorder

CBT (Cognitive behavior therapy)

       CBT can help people to change how we think(cognitive) and what we do(behavior). These changes can help us to feel better. The difference between CBT to the other talking treatment is that CBT looks for ways to improve people’s start of mind now, that focuses on the “ here and now” problems and difficulties. The other treatments are more likely to focusing on the causes of the distress or symptoms in the past.

       The aim of CBT is to help you to make sense of overwhelming problems by breaking them down into smaller parts. Hence we can see how they are related to each others and how they affect you.

These parts are

1.         Situation- which conducts the following reactions

2.         Thoughts

3.         Emotions

4.         Physical feelings

5.         Actions

http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/treatments/cbt.aspx

Mental disorders

Anxiety disorder: Specific Phobia

Requirements for diagnosis:

       A specific phobia is an extreme fear of a specific object or situation that out of proportion to the actual danger of threat. In addition, an individual with a specific phobia is distressed about having the fear, or experiences significant interference in his or her daily-life because of the fear.

       However, many people have a fear of a particular object or situation, but as long as that doesn't influence day-to-day life, it will not be considered as phobias. For example: a person who has a extreme fear of spider would not have a phobia if the situation does not bother he/she to have the fear, and if the fear does not interfere the functioning. Otherwise, an individual with a fear of spiders who frequently avoid activities such as camping, gardening, and going in the basement, and has trouble sleeping at night because of the fear of encountering spiders, might have a specific phobia. So, once the specific fear that interfering a person’s personal life either career, they might have a specific phobia.

Symptoms of Specific Phobia:

       Base on the criteria from the DSM-4^th; American psychiatric association, 2000

l   The individual experiences excessive and persistent fear of a specific object or situation.

l  The individual experiences feelings of anxiety, fear, or panic immediately upon encountering the feared object or situation.

l  The person recognizes that the fear is excessive. Unreasonable, or out of proportion to the actual rick in the situation.

l  The individual tends to avoid the feared object or situation, or if he/she doesn't avoid it, endures encounters with the feared object or situation with intense anxiety or discomfort.

l  The individual’s fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes significant distress or significant interference in the person’s day-to-day life. ( the fear makes many difficulty to the person’s social interaction)

l  In children younger than 18 years of age, the problem must be present for at least six months before a diagnosis of specific phobia would be considered appropriate.

l   The person’s fear, panic, and avoidance are not better explained by another disorder.

There are 5 types of specific phobia given by DSM-Ⅳ-TR.

1.   Animal type: include fears of animals such as dogs, cats, spiders, bugs, mice, snakes. Fish…

2.   Natural environment type: include fears of heights, storms, and being near water…

3.   Blood-injection-injury type: include fears of seeing blood, receiving a blood test or injection, watching or even just talking medical procedures…

4.   Situational type: includes fears of situation such as driving, flying, elevators, and any enclosed places…

5.   Other type: include other specific fear, such as fears of choking or vomiting, fears of loud noise (balloons breaking) or fear of clowns…

Causes of specific phobia

The cause of specific phobia are complex, it could involve 3 main factors: environmental(learning history), cognitive(psychologically), and biological.

Environmental- Learning history

l   Direct learning experiences – Specific phobias can sometimes begin following a traumatic experience in the feared situation. Ex: someone who is bitten by a dog might develop a fear of dogs, or a person who has a car accident might develop a fear of driving.

l  Observational learning experiences – there is evidence that people can learn to fear particular situation by watching others show signs of fear in the same situation. EX: growing up with parents who fear heights could lead to a fear of height in some children as well.

l  Informational learning – this involves learning to fear a particular object or situation by hearing or reading that the situation is dangerous. Ex: learning to fear flying by hearing about plane crashes in news.

l  Many individuals report that their fear started without any obvious trigger or cause. Some individuals report having had their fear for as long as they can remember.  Also, note that most people are exposed to negative experiences (car crash; bitten by dogs) and do not develop phobia.  The interest question that still remains mystery is “who develops a phobia following one f these experiences and who doesn't?”

Cognitive (Psychological factors)

l  Attention and memory – generally people with specific phobias tend to pay more attention on threatening information and relates to their fear.( ex: individuals with spider phobias would looking for threat (spider) if they see green grass, or image down to the basement)

l  Beliefs and interpretations about feared object and situations – people with SP tend to hold beliefs and to image situation in such a way as to maintain or increase their anxiety. ( ex: people with fears of heights may assume that they are likely to fall at any time)

l  Avoidance and other anxious behaviors – Avoidance of feared situations prevents people with SP from learning that the situations they fear are not as dangerous as they feel. In addition, replying on “ safety behaviors” ( e.g.. driving extra slowly to avoide car accident, wear long pants all the time to prevent spiders from touching one’s legs) can also help to maintain a person’s fears.

Biological factors

       Unlike other types of anxiety disorders, there has relatively little research on role of biology in causing or maintaining SP Still, there is evidence that SP sometimes run in families and that genetics may play a role. Moreover, when a person is exposed to a feared object, there are many biological changes happens in the body, including changes in brain activity, the release of certain hormones…






http://depression.about.com/cs/diagnosis/a/mdd.htm

how do stereotypes changes our views of world?

First of all, we should know what is stereotype. The definition of stereotype in psychological way is no more likely the way people think is in general. Stereotype is the way how people view a group of people or a thing base on the experiences before either limited information we have known before. Stereotype can be uses on a helpful way either on a nasty way. Somehow, people use stereotypes to view out-groups differently base on race, gender and so on. As explicit discrimination has receded in the last 2 decades; in the elevation of an African-American to the Presidency, a woman to the House speakership and a black woman to the galactic dominance known as being Oprah Winfrey… Overall, it has brought up a question to psychologist: Is discrimination is less powerful? How to explain the phenomena that some groups in society continue to fare wores than others? Has bias merely become better hidden, or there is something else?

       One theory has been discovered from it among sociologists called Stereotype Threat. So what is Stereotype Threat? Is that the force work among those groups of people to feel worse? It has shown that stereotype threat is that some members of stigmatized groups, when faced with stressful situations, expect themselves to do worse – a prophecy (foreshadowing) that fulfills itself.

       Stereotype effect our judgement of first impression when we meet strangers. we are biased by the information form the first impression, it has called as confirmation- bias.  People form impression very fast; because we don't need to see much of a person to get a fairly accurate picture of who they are, it is called as Thin slices.  

      Of course, we might wonder what actually helped us form the impression.  What are the effect of being perceive in a certain way? From the experiment of Pygmalion Effect by Rosenthal and Jackson, we got know that expectation really matter. The purpose of the experiment was support that hypothsis that reality can be influenced by the expectation of others.  

error of attribution

1. What is the difference between dispositional factors and situational factors?

     A situational factor would be things outside once immediate control, eg, the enviornment, the actions of a person they dont know, or it could even be like the equipment one uses. For example: Floods happen close to your hometown. you would feel fear and sadness, fear if the flood will continue moving to your town. sadness for the neighbor town's  damage.

     Dispositional factor has to do with a person ( internal) impact like an action or even that changed you or affected you psychologically. For example: you have been bited by an  dog when you were little, then once you grown up, but the fear of dog will never disappear, because you have such experiment tells you dog is dangerous.

 

2. Explain and give an example of the fundamental error of attribution.

     The fundamental attribution error happens all the time in our lives.  It happens when we are estimating someone we dont really know by some of the behavior or clue we perceive from that person. For example: when people are driving the cars, out of sudden an driver drive rashly and cut line infront of you  without any warn. Then you would be mad at that driver and give a bad impression to him/her, because he is rude and stupid to cut the line infront of you without any warn. Or, you would think maybe he/ she has something really important that she/he forgot the rule and that is more understandable.

3. Explain and give an example of the self-serving-bias error of attribution.

    A self-serving bias is when a person describes their own behavior and tend to choose attributions that are favorable to themselves. Which means that people like to take credit for their good actions and let the situation account for their bad actions. For example:  I did not do well on the mock exam, if you ask me why i didnt do well? I would blame for some external conditions immediately, like: it was too noisy out there, or i did not sleep well, i was ill. but I wont say, i did not do well because im stupid nor i m a bad student. That is Self-serving- bias.

4. Explain two possible explanations for these errors.

  people are having the  fundamental attribution error is because we are judging or complimenting someone by the first impression and we dont think any deeply.

   But on the self-serving- bias, people are always trying to get compliment from the others when they have done something right because  they feel good about themselves, but people usually dont want take responsibility when they make mistakes, so people would let the situation account for their mistakes but not themselves.

5. What does the study by Miyamoto and Kitayama tell us about cultural differences in attribution errors?

    it tells us that people from individualist cultures are more inclined to make fundamental- attribution error hat people from collectivist culture. And the research suggest that individualist cultures engage in self-serving bias more than do collectivist cultures

The week for psychology

Asch’s studies of conformity (1956)

Your assignment is to choose two of the studies listed above, research them in detail and write a brief summary about each.  Your summaries should include:

• the aim of the study
• the basic method of the study
• the results
• the conclusions
• strengths and limitations
• ethical concerns

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment (1971)
  This is a most controversial experiment even now.  Phil Zimbardo and his colleagues started this experiment on August 17, 1971.Zimbardo choose 24 healthy and most psychologically stable college students by paying 15 dollar per day as volunteers.  It suppose  be an experiment last 1-2 weeks, but it did not last long- 6 days only exact. Zimbardo was forced to pull the plug because of the disturbing behavior from guards and negative reactions from the prisoners. The aim of the study was to explore the psychology of prison life and what kind of situation are affecting people's behavior- to make miserable .
the method in this study was quite simple: the 24 male were randomly assigned to 2 groups, which were prison guards(12), and Prisoners(12). The guard were given power to deliver punishments as they saw necessary, they also had to wore sunglasses to prevent any eye contact and wore the army clothes just like real guard. Prisoners wore dirty and uncomfortable prisoner clothes. They also wore chains around their ankles to remind them of their powerlessness.

but the results were unexpected : at the first few days, guards were abusing their power in a horrific way, and those prisoners were violently abused and humiliated on a regular basis. These normal healthy students were turning into monster in less than 72 hours. The experiment was totally out of control before Zimbardo's attention.  At the second day, the riot broke out, some guards used fired extinguishers to batter protesters- when the research team werent around.  Those guards became wild, unpredictable violent and sadistic.
At the same time, within 36 hours since the experiment started, one of the prisoners started to show signs of insanity.( began react crazy, to scream , to curse. and he was really suffering and regretted, and wanted to be released.)

the conclude of this study support the idea of situational attribution, rather than dis-positional attribution.
means it was the situation that turned the guards to become sadistic and violent, not their personalities.
Also, this study is used to support the cognitive Dissonance Theory.

However, it has always been a controversial experiment event, because as doing the study, should not give any harm nor psychologically issues. But we can see almost all people involved got mental disturbance, which is highly unethical!  It should least protect the safety of the participants.

trait theory of personality

In psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion.

Trait Theory:
cardinal Trait : the trait that dominate a person for life long. eg. Christ-like, Don Juan.


Central Traits : General characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality.  And the central traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. ( eg. honest, intelligent. shy)

Secondary Traits: the traits that reveal on attitudes or preference sometimes, and often appear only in certain situations or some specific circumstances.

when do we need help from placebo ...

        A placebo is a simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other condition intended to deceive the recipients. sometimes patients given a placebo treatment will have a perceived or actual improvement in a medical condition, a phenomenon commonly called the placebo effect.
in the medical research, placebos are given as control treatments and depend on the use of measured deception. Placebos are mostly using to replace painkiller or depression treatment.
i believe using placebos are totally  ethical. on the way it is good for the patients, if the placebos are working well on them, they will avoid any side affect from the real pain pills.
it is important to note that " deception is not a necessary part of the placebo effect, doctor can tell people that the treatment might benefit them and that is not a lie" doctors are doing that to benefit this society.

The Placebo Effect

       A placebo has been defined as " a substance or procedure that is objectively without specific activity for t     he condition being treated"
when patient feels improvement in health without an actual treatment, that calls Placebo Effect.
and we wonder what is actually making us feel better without any treatment but pieces of sugar pills?
the answer is our beliefs. From article- Just A Sugar Pill, we got know that every mental process is represented in the brain. A placebo can not makes you feel better unless your brain tell you so.  Therefore, while you think you are taking the right medicine, your brain already make the decision that you must feel better after the medicine, even though none of you nor your brain know it is just a sugar pill, and that is how placebo effect works.  Anyway, there are two positive placebo effect calls : 1. Inert Placebo 2.  Active Placebo .  For Inert Placebos are  those really devoid  of action, be it pharmacological, surgical... For Active Placebos are those that actually have actions, although these actions are not relevantly specific to the disease for which they are administrated.  however, there are also some issues about placebo. for example, there is a negative effect called Nocebo Effect,  when patients report that they are getting worse or that unpleasant sude-effects has occurred, Nocebe is a word derived from the Latin nocere, meaning inflicting damage. it often happens when the patients don't believe the medicine works well on them. 
nevertheless, scientists have made many experiments, afterward they found out all they are about Subject- expectancy Effect.  that occurs in experiments or medical treatment, when a research subject or patientexpects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result. Because this effect can significantly bias the results of experiments (especially on human subjects). 

PTSD treatments

* CBT( Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)


     1. Explain the process of the treatment...
        this therapy helps to solve 2 main issues from PTSD
      - Cognition ( thinking): because of PTSD, patients minds have being trapped in a cycle, that makes they think that they can not ever get rid of it. The cognitive part of CBT break down these harmful thought patterns to helps patients feel free again.
     - Behavior( acting）:  this part of CBT helps patients to spot and correct these behavior( PTSD)  and to replace them with behaviors that work for you.


     2. How does it work????
          CBT helps patients to make sense of overwhelming problem, by breaking them apart .
          then they will see how does those thing affect you.
         by watching your :
                                   Thoughts
                                    Emotions
                                   Physical feelings
                                      Actions



* Medicine treatment ( drug treatment)


   1. the process of the treatment :
    A type of drug known as Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of antidepressant medicine. These can help patient relief their painic 
emotion  . They appear to be helpful, and for some people they are very effective. SSRIs include citalopram (Celexa), fluoxetine (such as Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft).
Stop a crisis from escalating, for example, medications can help patient regain control when they are suicidal, unable to workk, or in danger of hurting other people.Work fast,  reduce your anxiety   


2 how does that works for PSTD


       doctor uses some kind of medicine to comfort some in serious illness  patient to help them control their emotion.
   


   how to combine these 2 treatment together??


it is helpful if the doctor use both for the patient who has serious PSTD. because they need medication to make them feel better, then the doctor can use CBT to release their pain.


 but for some not that serious PSTD, CBT is just fine, to help.

Memory and Emotion in Real-life: PTSD

What is PTSD?


   Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience.

What are the symptoms?
 1 symptoms: the sufferer re-experiences the traumatic incident
ex. nightmares, flashback
Class 2 symptoms: the sufferer displays avoidance, wants to stay away from anything that may possibly remind her/him of the trauma. May also display lack of responsiveness or interest to all life circumstances
ex. sights, smells, sounds, conversations associated or reminding of trauma, unable to enjoy once joyful activities or have loving feeling
Class 3 symptoms: hyperarousal
ex.  irritable all the time or inability to sleep.
What causes PTSD?



it can be caused by some highly unsafe experiences

 
Briefly explain how memory and emotion relate to PTSD.

Emotion and Memory = Flashbulb Memory? -copy right from Mr. D

At first i think we need knw what is a Flashbulb Memory.
A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard.

Research each of the studies listed below relating to FBM (flashbulb memory) and post your responses on your blog.  Post each one as a separate entry and include one picture along with links to the sites where you acquired your information.

Explain the study – Brown & Kulik (1977)

• What was the aim of the study?

         Investigate whether dramatic, or personally significant events can cause "flashbulb" memories

• Explain in 2-3 sentences, the procedure of this study

            the procedure of this study was using a  retrospective questionnaire assessed the memories of 80 US past for the conditions when the surprise news was learned from public events.

• What were the findings of this study?

     flashbulb memory more likely for unexpected and personally relevant shocking events

• What is the conclusion from this study?

   Dramatic events can cause a physiological imprinting of a memory of the event

• Explain one limitation (weakness) of this study.

     Data collected through questionnaires, so it is impossible to verify the accuracy of memories reported.

Explain the study – Neisser & Harsch (1992)

• What was the aim of the study?

            suggest that FBMs may not be as accurate or permanent as the theory states.

• Explain in 2-3 sentences, the procedure of this study

             A questionnaire was administered to 106 participants on the day after the space-shuttle exploded (Jan 1996). Among the questions asked were 5 about how they heard the news: where they were, what they were doing, who told them, what time it occurred etc. Thirty-two months later the participants were asked to complete the questionnaire again and their results compared to the original.

• What were the findings of this study?

               the participants' memories of how they learned the news about challenger changed over time. Assuming Paticipants were more accurate one day after the disaster, it can be concluded that their memories about how they had heard the news deteriorated significantly during the subsequent two and half years. This suggests that FBMs are not very reliable.

• What is the conclusion from this study?

               FBMs may be ordinary memories.

• Explain one limitation (weakness) of this study.

            They do not include a control condition to allow for a comparison between normal memories and flashbulb memories. They simply assume that flashbulb memories are better remembered than other kinds of memories.

Explain the study – Talarico & Rubin (2003)

• What was the aim of the study?

• Explain in 2-3 sentences, the procedure of this study

           participants to recall the events of 9.11 2001 on 4 occasions: 1, 7 ,42 and 224 days after the attack. they also tested the participants' memory for an everyday with the attack. once more, memory was tested 4 times, following the same time arrangements used for the recall of the attack.

• What were the findings of this study?

            FBMs remained very vivid throughout the study.

• What is the conclusion from this study?

• Explain one limitation (weakness) of this study. 

seneca on Anger VS Lazarus- Appraisal theory of emtion

Lazarus apprisal theory is how we assess the events that cause arousal determines which emotion we experience, and how we reacted to what we have being through. 
there is 2 appraisals in this theory.
primry apprisal is a event personally relevant?  and this result is basic positive/ negative approach/ avoidance responses.
Secondary appraisal procide information about a person's coping option in a situation. for example people would think as : can i chang the situation to make it less threatening? or can i change the situation by how i feel?  And  the Lazarus' result have been support in many studies but these studies are often ecologically invalid.

The video Seneca on Anger have made many cases to help us to understand how  to change our emotion by our mind, to less the anger or to feel more positive.
Philosopher Seneca identified his belief about the source of emotions such as anger: we don't think enough about the things that could go wrong and therefore, we are surprised when they occur.  As a result of surprise we feel angry over our disappontment or feelings of helplessness - it is then that emotions are the strongest.

 If people can just have some bad preparation before everything happens so people can have less anger or disappiont than its suppose be. Because in this world , in your life, nothing is going be perfectly just as you have planed to be.

When we are putting these both of philosophy and Lazarus theory together, things become more clear and more reasonable.they have a same common is its all can help people to control our emtions instead of let people be mieserable for little things. it can help people think in a more positive and happily way. !

Facial Expressions Show Language Barriers, Too

(http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090813142131.htm)

This article is represent that people who are from different country and different culture have different facial experience.
they found that people from east Asia have a tougher time to express their emotion on face than  European
people from different culture are expressing their facial expressions more on different parts, for example eastern people express more on the eye, But the western people more express on the mouth and cheek.

Human nature - the Gift of Emotion

Various theories regarding emotion have been offered up for centuries.  The early philosophers speculated about the meaning and source of emotions in humans - but what is emotion and why do we all have them? 
Do some research regarding the theories of emotion, beginning with evolution.
In your post, explain what emotion is and why it may be an adaptive feature to humans in our quest for survival.  Your focus question then is: How would emotions allow humans to survive and be successful in the world?


Emotion is the complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience." Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality, disposition, and motivation. Motivations direct and energize behavior, while emotions provide the affective component to motivation, positive or negative.

Fear, in particular, is highly controlling and difficult to deal with. It was a helpful motivator when vision detected an approaching tiger, and in that situation immediate action made perfect sense. But in today’s very different world, the experience of fear often leads to inappropriate behavior — or immobilizes people, preventing appropriate action. Unfortunately, human beings are not good at assessing risk.

what do you want know about Althemier Disease

Have you ever heard a disease called Alzheimer's Disease( AD)?
Do you know what is Alzheimer's Disease?
it is a cruel brain damage illness. The main symptoms of AD relate to memory impairment. for example such like difficulty speaking and understanding language. AD progresses to ever more serious memory loss. In addition,patients experience confusion, depression, hallucinations, sleeplessness and loss of appetite.       it is a suffering for the patients, also their family.
 
      From the video- "The forgetting" we learned to know what will the patients turned to be like after they got Althemier's Diseas, and how long could they live after they got this illness. how their family got suffer and put them in a grief.
     
     "Altheizmer's Disease" , was named by a German psychologist who was named Alois.
      In 1901, he observed a patient names  Auguste Deter; who was the first patient has discovered with Altheizmer Disease;.    and the World War 2 brought the technology about a model of how brain works.
      
      From this video, I got know that the human being would get 7% chance to have Altheizmer's disease when they are up to 75 years old. because while people are getting older, our brains' funcions are failing slowly as well, and once the disease start to attack our  brain function, and that cause it failed so much sooner.
         second of all, some psychlogist found out that it often occur on young women. the disease jujst block out the connection between memories, that cause patients lost LST forever.  so they will forgot everything happend in their life before long time ago, forget their lovers, their family members, their hoem address, they would have a totally different personality. those are the why their family members are suffering, because they need someone can look after them for 24 hours perday.
        third of all, AD is not cureable till now. psychlogist and doctors dont have much chance to explore it and it has a difficulty to cure because it is just hard to see inside in patients brain, so there is limited experiment.  Based on this situation, many people died on AD even some really famous people like: Reagan.